Food Security in America

Food Security in America GLOBAL FOOD INSECURITY: HOW FOOD SECURITY BEEN GOVERNED IN AMERICA? INTRODUCTION Food security is understands as food that can be access by people in one’s country. Food security become a global issue even in developed countries; hence still have not managed to handle it well. Food security has become a global issue as it been taking serious and involved with economic of country. The World Food Summit (1996), has provides full illustration and explanation of food security. They defined it as â€Å"When all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life† The World Food Summit (1996). The conception of food security involved either substantial or financial access to food that meets people’s food needs and fulfil people daily dietary. Food insecurity is opposite word of food security which has profound in global issue whereas it becomes a health problem that correlated between dietary excess and health problems. Jenniffer Clapp and Mare J. Cohen (2009), in their book titled â€Å"The Global Food Crisis: Governance Challenging and Opportunities† has explained food insecurity as the feeling of anxiety especially for those people who have low income salary in developing world categorized as food insecure (Clapp and Mare J. Cohen, 2009). Indeed, the food prices of food production increase and would not be able to control. Many scholars have described the meaning of food security. Nonetheless, but at the most broad level, food security is mention as the accessibility of nutrition and society’s capability to consume the right amount of healthy food. America still facing the same problem with others countries, as according to USDA there are several places that still having food insecure that above US average. There are many factors that led to food security challenges, namely population growth, demographic change, changes in food consumption patterns, rising global food prices, the development and use of new technologies in food production and global climate change. Each of these factors is consequence of food security. However, I am more concerned in this essay with the rising food prices in United State of America that been a crucial problem in this era of globalization. Even though America is developed country but hence it still facing the same problem with the developing ones. United States have their own definition to give the illustration of what has going on in America. Chris Hunt (1997) Food Program Director explained that they called food dessert as the term to describe the situation in US. Chris signifies food dessert as the place that has limited of healthy food and majority of low-income neighbourhoods. In such people in certain area may have excess to junk food than to healthy consume food such as vegetables and fruits. I shall discuss further on the rising food prices in US. FOOD PRICES GOES HIGH Rising food prices in the late of 2006 and increasingly during 2008, not everyone effort to by nutritious food because their salary remain same. Government of US implemented many programs to prevent this from spread over the nation. Jennifer Clapp (2009), in her book, she stated that food prices goes high in the mid of 2008. When there are no enough food productions, everything is in demand. The parties responsible for determining the price of goods has taken advantage by charging higher prices on to consumers due to high demand. Besides the food prices were at the high state because of the limited stock of supply. Furthermore, the staple foods by US citizens, namely corn, dairy products, wheat, grain and etc. has increasing in prices as well. I will write about the main courses of US food production. The food prices rose show grocers are starting to get ahead of their higher wholesale expenses toward customers. Paul Davidson (2014), he reported on USA Today newspaper that â€Å"†¦. Retail food prices rose 0.4% in March, the same as in February and the largest amount since September 2011. By comparison, the prices of all consumer goods rose 0.2% in March and 0.1% the month before, reports the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Beef, pork, poultry, eggs and milk have had the most dramatic price increases as drought, a virus outbreak and rising exports have thinned U.S. supplies. Overall consumer prices rose 0.2% in March, a bit more rapidly than in recent months, and annual inflation was 1.5%, up from 1.1% in February. Annual inflation was 1.5% in March, up from 1.1% in February. Thats well below the Federal Reserves 2% target, as falling gasoline prices offset rising food costs†¦..† Practically every food staples in United States has goes up in price. Among the reasons the price increase is due to higher oil prices. Consequently import and export activities make the process of trade exchange in higher charge for example the transportation cost, the labor cost and etc. I believe that food providers also took the opportunity to raise the price of daily necessities such as the food companies, grocery stores and etc. While, according to USDA, the food insecurity in America has almost 15 percent of the populations were food insecure in the year 2010. The food insecurity is hard to measure. People with food insecurity have high risk to malnutrition, hunger and especially towards children; they might have the physical abnormal growth and mental disorder because of they have no enough nutrition to consume. I shall discuss further on this issue in the next section. RESEARCH QUESTIONS This essay will give answers to the following identified research questions below; †¢Who is governing the issue? †¢How is the issue being governed? †¢How fairly and effectively is the issue being governed? To discuss this, the next section of the essay would be devoted to literature review. LITERATURE REVIEW Research has been made previously that has discussed the food insecurity impacts on the global governance issue. Food insecurity defined as the situation where people do not have an enough access to healthy food. The concept of food security is describable as straightforward. It is to ensuring that people get enough excess to foods for their daily consume to healthy lifestyle. Rosemary Gail Rayfuse, and Nicole Weisfelt (2012), has proclaimed that to make sure that food security is not easy because there was a record stated that it has been a major problem in global issue (Rosemary Gail Rayfuse, and Nicole Weisfelt, 2012). The amount of people that has not have an enough excess to healthy food is still at the high risk. Craigh Pearson (edited by Rosemary Gail Rayfuse, and Nicole Weisfelt, 2012), he cited that the factors of food insecurity is because of food productions does not fulfil the needs of world’s population (Craigh Pearson 2012). Craigh emphasized that many factors that led to the food insecurity for example, insufficient of food stocks, ineffective of transportations, globalization of trade, economic and political factors as well. Food security has become a global issue since twenty-first century as it is the crucial problem that situated at the bond of environment, culture and technology. There are a lot of challenges facing through the era globalization. The more the world become globalize the more challenges facing to maintain the food security. Bryan L. McDonald (2010) provides full illustration and explanation of food security. According to Bryan (2010): â€Å"†¦rising food prices have motivated unrest in many parts of the world and increased the number of people who do not receive proper nutrition to levels not seen in decades. Agricultural and food production activities have been recognized as key drivers of environmental and climate changes at the same time that studies had revealed that food production could face significant and widespread impacts from these changes in coming decades†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The statement shown the rising food prices may lead to the problems of food security because not everyone is effort to buy food when the prices increasing. Especially for the poor households’ family definitely would not effort to buy the same food that have nutrition as rich households’ family. Smil 2000; Pinstrup 2007; Brown 2009 quoted by Bryan (2010), the key drivers that led to food insecurity which is meant that the absence of secure of food, as a daily realism for billions of citizen everywhere in the world making their live less secure. Food security is basically come out from three supports namely food availability, food access and food consumption. In other words, people need to have an enough access of healthy food at all the time to be food secure. Otherwise, those have not have enough access to dietary food is considered as food insecure. Rosemary G. and Nicole V. (20) edition of the book title The Challenge of Food Security: International Policy and Regulatory Frameworks, they said that food availability is not the problem of the food insecurity. The problem was the inability for the poorest people to buy food at the affordable prices. Even though the food stocks are available to access but yet, when the prices are high, people with low income salary would not be able to afford it. I shall discuss this in the next section of this write up. RQ 1: WHO IS GOVERNING THE ISSUE? The food security has been governed by a few bodies of international governmental organization, namely UN, WTO, USDA, FAO, and World Bank. The body that responsible in governing this issue is surely government of United State of America. The government of America itself has formed a society called United States of Development and Agriculture (USDA). USDA function as the body that helping rural citizens in America to flourish, they help to promote agriculture production to maintain the needs of Americans and at the same time providing others throughout the sphere with healthy food as well. Hence, USDA has contributed a lot towards the food security problems in their country. This body responsible to make sure that their people get enough nutrition food. Guaranteeing the food security has been a vital feature of world governance responsibility to encourage the sustainability of whole nations. I will discuss further of this on the research question number two â€Å"How this issue being governed?† Besides that, United Nations has played a crucial role in maintaining the food security in whole global. There are many agencies under United Nations that focusing on maintaining this food security policy. UN has their agency that work on this issue which is FAO. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) is the agency that has 194 members of United Nation. FAO is responsible to make sure that people in the world get sufficient amount of food and get access to high-quality of healthy food. Nevertheless, FAO is responsible to eliminate food security, hunger and malnutrition in the world. I namely other organisation that has an important role in governing this issue which is World Trade Organisation (WTO), is the body that accountable in trade policy as well as food trade. The WTO is the membership organisation where independent nation-states assemble in order to extend regular policy for worldwide trade. Hence, the policy is the consequence of extensive processes of deliberation between member states. The agreement among member states normally without voting but they using common agreement between them. All these aforementioned governing bodies shall discuss more in the next research question. RQ 2:HOW IS THE ISSUE BEING GOVERNED? How this issue is being governed, I will elaborate it more details according to the functional bodies discussed previously. Government of United States has implemented many ways to try to overcome the food insecurity problems of their citizens. USDA has made research on the households that facing the food security problems and has the low income salary per capita. Discussing on how it is being governing, there are scholars according through their thesis, Alisha Coleman-Jensen, William McFall, and Mark Nord (2013), they have rightly observed that USDA have implemented an assistance programs in order to improve children’s food security by providing low-income households with access to a healthful diet and nutrition education. These programs by USDA are to support the amount of children that facing food insecurity. Children is the main asset of the world, so when there is limited excess to nutritious food, it might be effected the physically and mentally of the children itself. That is why government really concerned on this issue. The global food prices were on rise especially on the main food resources such as corn, wheat, cooking oil and grain. This really affected on media, economic, political agendas. Because of this factor, people of low income salary have limited access to the healthy dietary food. The government itself is trying at their level best to give the subsidies to their citizens through the many programs. The government of United States, Craig Gundersen (2012) in his article, he explained that to addressing food insecurity in U.S, they have to do some indication on how fundamentals, food banks, legislator, program bureaucrat and campaigner which can be use as the way to lessen the food insecurity. Craigh (2012) believed with these programs held by government of US helps to reduce food insecurity problems. For example, the contribution in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), previously known as the Food Stamp program, contribution in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), besides the use of crisis food assistance programs; decreasing the food prices; and improving financial management skills can all lead to reductions in food insecurity. Furthermore, the government of America has implemented the food assistance program which is considerable remote food assistance system which called as food banks. Food banks or distinguished as Feeding America, Craig (2012) in his writing, stated that there was 201 food banks and it is roughly 80 percent of all the food banks in the United States and food banks has served more than thousands of organisations (Craig 2012). These food banks have received straight contributions from food product companies, retail stores, restaurants, individual contributors as well as donations. When food banks received all donations from these parties, they managed to reduce the food insecurity in their country. World Trade Organisation the independent organization that deal with the international trade and food trade play an important part in governing this issue. The rising food prices in US, is because of high demand of the goods in global. In addition, WTO needs to control the trade activity between nations. WTO works on food security by implemented WTO Agriculture Committee in order to make sure how effectively the trade policy in ensuring the supplies of food. Trade policy and food security really related to one another. Christopher S., Romilly G., Jane K AND Stephen D. (2000) in their edition book, â€Å"The WTO Agreement on Agriculture and Food Security†, they believed that trade liberalisation really gives direct or indirect effects on food prices. The food prices might be affected due to the multilateral trade agreements. As WTO controlled over the duty and tariff of the goods, import and export, hence WTO needs to ensuring that the duty and taxes are acceptable and will not affected the government policies on the food prices. The effectiveness of these governing bodies is still questionable that I will discuss on that in next write up. RQ3: HOW FAIRLY AND EFFECTIVELY IS THE ISSUE BEING GOVERNED? Based on the current trends of the globalization, I personally think that this issue is not fair enough and still ineffectively being governed. Why I said so it is because of the citizens that comes from different background but still have to surrender to the rising prices of crude that not everyone can afford it. The goods increases due to insufficient natural resources are a major cause prices to rise sharply. People have limited access to staple foods because the human population is increasing and the food’s stock will not be able to meet the needs of all citizens. People need to prepare their own food needs and there must be sufficient amount of basic requirements and nutrition foods to meet their daily consuming dietary. Therefore, it is questionable whether the world can provide sufficient amount of foods to world’s population? The increases in prices of goods that are not constant and adoption from free markets are found ineffective ways to prevent food insecurity problems in the United States. There are still many people in United States who had to go through life without enough vigorous food. The government of United States itself is not being fair towards their citizens. The fairness is hard to achieve since rising food prices involving the global governance issue and it is global food prices. So far there is still no way of reduction made by the government in view of the increase in prices of goods remains in place. Even though there were programs handling in United States, I still believe there is no fairness regards on this issue as the foods are not distributed fairly. CONCLUSION Food security seems a lot tougher than before because of the increasing of world’s populations. The government and all agencies involved really have to take it in their nerves when the stocks of supplies are not enough to feed the populations. The food security problem has become a critical issue and the issue continuously happen through years. Food security References Bryan L. (2010) Food Security; Polity Press. Christopher S., Romilly G., Jane K. Stephen D. (2000) edt, The WTO Agreement on Agriculture and Food Security; Commonwealth Secretariat Craig G. (2012), Addressing U.S Food Insecurity; University of Illinois http://www.hungerfreecommunities.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Gundersen_AddressingtUSFoodInsecurityFINAL.pdf Jennifer C. and Marc J. (2009) edt, The Global Food Crisis; Governance Challenges and Opportunities; Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Paul Davidson (2014); USA Today; April 16, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/04/16/cpi-shows-food-prices-rising/7742669/ World Trade Organisation (2013), Food Security; Retrieved from http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/food_security_e.htm. 9th Jan 2015. USAID (2015); Agriculture and Food Security; retrieved from http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/agriculture-and-food-security Rosemary G. and Nicole V. (2012) edt, The Challenge of Food Security; International Policy and Regulatory Framework. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Law Codes

Chad Goering Essay #1 â€Å"Hittite Law Code† and the â€Å"Code of the Assyrians† In this paper, I’ll compare both law codes of the Hittites and Assyrians by comparing the two aspects dealing with sexual conduct and relations. Also, I’ll examine their differences and similarities and consider why regulating sexuality was so important to both the Hittites and Assyrians. When examining the Hittite and Assyrian law codes, I thought there was a big difference. The first thing I noticed was that the Hittite laws were stricter and focused more on men, where the Assyrians laws were more punishable to women.A majority of the laws written by the Hittites only involved punishment towards men. Yes Assyrians also had punishments but not as largely targeted towards men as the Hittites. For example there is a Hittite law saying â€Å"If a man have intercourse with a cow, it is a capital crime, he shall die. They shall lead him to the king's hall. But the king may kill him; the king may grant him his life. But he shall not approach the king. † As said in the â€Å"Hittite Law Code: excerpts from The Code of the Nesilim. There is nothing in the Assyrian code mentioning anything about a man committing bestiality. The Assyrians are opposite compared to the Hittites; their laws are mainly targeted at women rather than men. According to â€Å"Excerpts from the Code of the Assyrians,† there is a law stating, â€Å"If a man have relations with the wife of a man at her wish, there is no penalty for that man. The man shall lay upon the woman, his wife, the penalty he wishes. † From my understanding, they do not focus on what the man did but rather just what the woman has done.The women alone will take punishment for the act. Examining the two laws makes me believe the difference between the two groups is the harshness towards men or women. However, the Hittites and Assyrians do have similarities. There are two laws that are closely co mparable regarding a man raping a woman. The Hittite law states, â€Å"If a man rape a woman in the mountain, it is the man's wrong, he shall die. But if he rape her in the house, it is the woman's fault, the woman shall die. If the husband find them and then kill them, there is no punishing the husband. (Hittite Law Code: excerpts from The Code of the Nesilim).The Assyrians law stated by â€Å"Excerpts from the Code of the Assyrians† based on rape states, â€Å"If the wife of a man be walking on the highway, and a man seize her, say to her â€Å"I will surely have intercourse with you,† if she be not willing and defend herself, and he seize her by force and rape her, whether they catch him upon the wife of a man, or whether at the word of the woman whom he has raped, the elders shall prosecute him, they shall put him to death. There is no punishment for the woman. In my opinion, the punishment for this crime is almost exactly the same for both the Hittites and Assyr ians.Therefore, there are some similarities between the Hittites and the Assyrians law codes. One aspect on punishment I find interesting is how harsh the Hittites and Assyrians punishments were compared to how they are today in the United States. The reason why I think the Hittites and Assyrians were so harsh was because they didn’t have a problem with killing somebody. To them, both groups felt if you committed the crime, you will receive the punishment deserved.I’m not saying that America doesn’t have a good system, but I don’t think the punishments given are nearly as harsh as what they should be. When it comes to relationships, Hittites and Assyrians treat it the same. They both have a male dominated culture. Men can do whatever they want while women have to be loyal to their husband. From reading the laws about sexual conduct, I understand that if you’re a man, you can have sex whenever and wherever if the partner is willing. As stated before , if the man rapes a woman there will be punishment.However, if you’re a woman, you cannot cheat on your husband. Therefore, makes this sexual conduct law one sided towards men. Overall, when comparing the laws between the Hittites and Assyrians, I believe that they are pretty similar. Both of the codes are saying to not cheat on your husband. I find it interesting though that they both focus on the women cheating and not the male. Neither code has a law saying anything about a man cheating on his wife. Yes, they have punishment for men who rape women but nothing more than that. They expect women to be more proper and focus on doing the right thing.Even in today’s society they expect women to be perfect and loyal and not be sluts. Nowadays, men are expected to be the same as women. Allowing men and women to have the same expectations is a good thing because both are treated more closely equal. In today’s society, men and women are still somewhat treated differen t in certain situations, however, both men and women are now treated equally when it comes to punishment which is a good thing. The only problem I have with the punishment in today’s society is it’s not nearly as harsh as it once was.Punishment in general is the most comparable thing between the Hittites and Assyrians law codes. The punishments are very harsh and nothing is tolerated. The only main difference between the two group’s law codes is who the punishment is targeted towards. Now in this paper I have compared both the Hittites Law Code and the Code of the Assyrians. I have examined their differences and similarities and also reasoned why regulating sexual conduct was so important to them both. By doing this, it makes you think of how easy we have it in today’s world and makes you wonder what it would be like to live back then.

Peer Evaluations in Enhancing Written and Oral Communication Essay

Communicative practices such as writing and reading are important components in the facilitation of education and learning. For educators, they must realize the relative importance of these communication practices for they are vital in the enhancement of learning. One way to address this is by creating peer review mechanisms. Though such may prove to be an important component in the facilitation of education, there are cultural impediments that continue to surround the facilitation of peer evaluations. â€Å"When we deal with English-as-a-second-language students, cultural factors may influence both the operation and outcomes of peer response groups. † (Nelson, 1997, p. 78) By being constantly aware of these issues, one can create effective peer evaluation mechanism that is free from cultural bias and prejudice. A collective action and approach must be created by instructors and teachers to address such problem. â€Å"To maintain the group cohesion and harmonious interpersonal communications interpersonal relations valued by collectivist cultures, collectivists use indirect means of communicating messages that may otherwise be disruptive to the group. † (Nelson, 1997, p. 82) Thus, giving of vital information is an important tool and component in the overall facilitation of peer evaluations in enhancing communication practices. â€Å"By being informed of cultural differences in communication, they may be better able to interpret the feedback they receive from the English-as-the-second-language students and also better able to provide these students with effective feedback. † (Nelson, 1997, p. 83) Enhancing the Writing Skills Effectiveness in writing is one facet that students must acquire in school as it is vital in the overall communication process not only in the educational sector but in different aspects of society. By enhancing such skills, an international student can be fit and remained at level with native speakers of the language. The main barrier and impediment in such scenario is the lack of expertise in the local and native language. The study of Koffolt and Holt showcases several important mechanisms that can improve writing skills of international students. The article seeks to showcase how teachers can be a vital part in the overall facilitation of efficient writing among students. By doing these, students can get the development in the realm of writing. â€Å"Teachers who play a more active role in guiding their students through the entire writing process of gathering ideas, organizing, drafting, and revising can help students produce writing that is thoughtful, coherent, and polished. † (Koffolt and Holt, 1997, p. 53) By providing several important measures that a teacher must consider is an important process to guide students in the overall facilitation of improving writing capabilities. One important method is by creating feedbacks on writing works by international students. By doing this, the student can actively assess his/her standing as far as competency in writing is concerned. The creation of a feedback system â€Å"gives them the opportunity to correct deficiencies in content, language and style. † (Koffolt and Holt, 1997, p. 54) For the part of instructors, there must be an active collaboration with an international student as far as writing is concerned. The instructor must recognize the relative challenges that an international student may face during the course of writing. That is why it is essential for the teacher to actively create writing strategies that will help improve the overall capacity of the student to write. However, the teacher must recognize that the process of such endeavor is not easy. â€Å"Writing is seldom a linear activity, and it is common for writers to go back and forth among different steps of the writing process as they complete a major writing task. † (Koffolt and Holt, 1997, p. 56)

What Is The Implementation Of PPP In The Compensation System

3.1.1 Implementation Mechanisms Implementation of PPP in the liability and compensation regime is seen through adequate reference to mechanisms such as compulsory insurance and compensation funds whereby a ship owner is required to constitute a fund with the Court for the total limit of his liability to avail the benefit of limitation , and maintain compulsory insurance certified by the appropriate State authority for any ship carrying more than 2,000 tons of oil . 3.1.2 Loss of Right to Limit Liability There is very narrow scope for a ship owner to be exonerated from strict liability. It requires proof that damage resulted from war or was wholly caused by an intentional act or omission of a third party or by negligence of an authority†¦show more content†¦The Small Tanker Oil Pollution Indemnification Fund (STOPIA) was established to raise maximum amount of compensation payable for small ships and the Tanker Oil Pollution Indemnification Agreement (TOPIA) was established to indemnify the supplementary fund 50% of the compensation amount it pays in event of an oil pollution accident. Considering the costs of some of the biggest oil spills in history, the SF holds adequate funds to deal with oil spills of high magnitudes; till date no incident has required compensation from the SF . The liability and compensation provisions of the CLC and FC satisfy the main components the PPP by allowing the victims impartial access to remedies and allocating costs of pollution damage, emergency response and clean up to the polluters . The abovementioned factors show that the Conventions have come a far way in achieving a perfect balance in burden sharing among the shipping and oil industries, adapting the ‘polluter pays’ theory to the extent feasible. Disturbing this balance for the few incidents where admissible claims exceeded the limits under the 1992 CLC and FC would mean disturbing a widely accepted, well-tested and successful system operating on an international level . An interesting view is raised by Chao Wu in his paper on threats to the International Convention System; he questions the fairness in expecting the transporter and cargo owners to bear all the costsShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing the Polluter Pays Principle Through Law and Economics5023 Words   |  21 Pageswith the disadvantages of the principle and ends with the conclusion. Introduction The ‘polluter pays principle’ states that whoever is responsible for damage to the environment should bear the costs associated with it. 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The Looking Glass Self - 863 Words

Looking Glass Self Reflection Activity 10/10 Good observation!!! What is acceptable in one group is not always acceptable in another. Therefore, you change your appearance based on what you what others to think about you. The others’ perceived judgment about your style makes you change your style depending upon the group. Directions: Answer the Pre-Reading questions using Chapter 5 Section 2 Guided Reading Notes. When finished, read the article The Looking Glass Self: Who Holds Our Reflections. Read the short article and answer the Guided Reading questions. Finally, write a response to the journal activity. Pre-Reading: 1. According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do people develop their personality? People develop their†¦show more content†¦Dress up to convey others image, speak in certain way and what is the importance of their statement. 2. How do we become members of a group? We should adapt the social member. 3. While our surroundings shape us, what choice do we have as individuals upon our personality development? We can choice people or group that we should be affected by. For example, if I want to be healthy, I should not hang out with people who drink alcohols. Post-Reading Journal Response: Below explain a personal example about a time in your life where you experienced the Looking Glass Self. What was your imagined appearance? What were people’s reactions? How did the perceived reactions make you feel about yourself? I have two nationalities when I was born because my parents are Japanese (my father) and Thai (my mother). That means I have international family, so that I have more opportunities to interact among different nationality. When I dress up or set my hairstyle like Japanese which I think very cool style, my Thai relative, such as grandpa and grandma, looks me strangely because they does know Japanese style. It is not just only my relative but also my friends sometimes. Since there are different perspective between Japanese and Thai, I have to adapt my looks due to who IShow MoreRelatedThe Looking Glass Self1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Looking-Glass Self by Charles H. Cooley I will be talking about the looking glass self, made famous by famed American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley. This concept stems from our interpersonal perception of what another individual’s impression is on us and how we form ourselves towards that initial perception. Out of all the theories that are at our disposal in sociology, this is the theory that interested me the most and here is why. To me the looking glass self is not just a concept orRead MoreThe Concept Of The Looking Glass Self1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe interactionist approach in sociology has been formed and it refers to the integrity of the human personality and self-determination in the micro-social environment. 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So what cause this concept appears in this society. Charles H. Cooley come up with the concept called the looking-glass self, which illustrates that as human we tend to identify ourselves based on what others think who we are, and change ourselves due to what others are expecting us to become. (Steckely Letts,p117). This concept can easily lead us in to the situationRead MoreThe Digital Self : Through The Looking Glass Of Telecopresent Others974 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet has provided humans a portal into the digital world and this digital world lead to Shanyang Zhao and his analysis: The Digital Self: Through the Looking Glass of Telecopresent Others. Shanyang begins his article by explaining to his readers the rudimentary system of socialization that has taken place prior to the development of the internet: â€Å"the significant others a child interacted with on a daily basis resided primarily in the corporeal copresence†¦ in Western society [it usually consistsRead MoreCharles Horton Cooley s Concept Of The Looking Glass Self870 Words   |  4 Pages1902, Charles Horton Cooley fashioned the concept of the looking-glass ‘self,’ this concept was researched to learn how identity is shaped. The authors concluded that people shape their identity based on the perception of how they think others view them. Three ideas comprise the looking-glass ‘self’: First, we see in our mind’s eye how we appear to others, second we imagine their judgment of how we appear to them, and third we develop our ‘self’ (our own identity) receiving the judgments from othersRead MoreSymbolic Interaction Theory : The Looking Glass Self And Romantic Relationships1126 Words   |  5 Pagesinteraction with others. Symbolic interaction theory has greatly impacted our world. This theory helps one understand how individuals shape their own reality and create norms. This essay focuses on the symbolic interaction theory through the looking-glass-self and romantic relationships. Symbolic Interactionism focuses on face-to-face communication. It is also micro-level theory; meaning this theory covers very specific relationships between individuals or small groups. Micro level theories are

The Cultural Industry Enlightenment As Mass Deception

In The cultural industry: enlightenment as mass deception, Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer are examining how we are presented movies and different mass media outlets. Also discussed is how life is now indistinguishable from movies; the same can also be said with reality TV and how audiences are fed the simple idea of †reality.† (3) Reality TV has become one of the top ways audiences consume information that is not necessarily true, but instead produced for views. A large part of the study is Adorno and Horkheimer compare this to a false personal identity created by the cultural industry to produce identical mass culture. (1) This means that entertainment is produced not for art’s sake, but for consumption of media, they even go on to say the following: â€Å"movies and radio need no longer pretend to be art. Instead the truth is they are just businesses that create an ideology to justify the rubbish being produced.†(1) The real question now is why? 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Simon Responsibilities Under the Tort of Negligence

Question: Discuss about the Simon Responsibilities Under the Tort of Negligence. Answer: Issue Whether the waitress or restaurant owes Simon responsibilities under the tort of negligence and if there any remedies available to him Rules Section 13 Supply of 1982 Goods and Services Act Section 49 of the 2015 Consumer Rights Act of England Section 54 of the 2015 Consumer Rights Act of England Section 1, clause 1 of 1945 Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act of England Analysis Definition of a tort As I offer a solution to Simons incident, I will first analyze what the tort of Negligence in the law of England is. In common law authorities like England, any civil wrong by a person unfairly leads to harm or loss of another, resulting in legal accountability for such person that commits the act is termed a tort. Therefore, a tort is an omission or act which gives leads to harm or injury of another amounting to a civil wrong that the law courts enforce liability. In England, the tort law covers three basic categories; torts that are intentional, negligence and torts of strict responsibility. A tortfeasor is the individual committing the act. The general law of Negligence in England In tort law, negligence is certainly the largest area of law. In England, Negligence is a comparatively new type of tort and has largely been developed by the bench. It is flexibility, thus, can be applied by law courts to ascertain liability in the new settings. The classic cases of Donoghue v Stevenson and R v. Adomako detail what every plaintiff must avail as proof for a court to find on negligence. Firstly the plaintiff must show that the respondent owed the plaintiff an obligation of care. In the Donoghue v Stevenson case, the House of Lords deliberated on the concept of duty rejecting the earlier law. The court in Donoghue v Stevenson stated that the duty of care entailed taking reasonable care to evade omissions or acts that one can realistically foresee as to possible injure their neighbor. In applying this principle to Simons situation, the waiter was obliged to an understanding that the individuals like Simon, direct and close to him are affected by his acts. This entails the actions that the waiter reasonably ought to have contemplated as so affected when they direct their concentration to such omissions or acts into question like the cork popping out to injury Simon. The recent case of Crown v Zaman offered a three-level test of establishing if a duty of care exists. The first stage is whether a proximity relationship between suit parties exists. The second stage is if the injury on claimant was foreseeable. Last is whether it is reasonable, fair, and just for a duty to be imposed. Courts of England prefer to resolve the question of liability at the breach step after a complete argument on the essential merits of a case have been adduced. Upon the claimant establishing the respondent owed them the care duty; the next step is demonstrating that it was the defendant at fault. That is, it is the defendant that breached their duty of care. In Arnold v Britton Ors and Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co, the courts stated that courts often apply the test of reasonable to establish if there was a breach of the duty of care by the defendant. According to Montgomery v. Lanarkshire Health Board, the test is of an objective nature where the law courts often find a balance between foreseeability degree and possibility of injury as against the price of evading such harm. This is due to the fact that any defendant is not liable for any kind of injury that they might not have reasonably foreseen. In State v. UK, court opinioned that courts also put into consideration the societal profits if such activity was never carried out. To applying the breach of duty ingredient to Simons situation, there is no dispute that the Restaurants waiter clearly popped the cork that injured Simon. In negligence cases, the Simon must prove causation. He must show it was the breach of the duty of the defendant that initiated the damage he suffered. According to Stapleton 2016, pp. 699, the test for causation in negligence is the famous but- for-test. It states that but for the tort of the defendant, would the plaintiff have faced the damage or loss. If the answer is not in the affirmative, then the test of causation is fulfilled. If the answer is in the affirmative, the respondent is not held liable, though they performed negligently (Stapleton 2016, pp.700). Even where the plaintiff fulfills the but-for test, they ought to demonstrate that this damage they suffered is not that remote of the negligence of the defendant. For instance, the court in Simons case might find that a waiters act or even Simon himself caused the injury. Simons failure to foresee the cork popping and protect himself can be held to have broken the causation chain between the act of the waiter and the injur y suffered. The last ingredient of negligence is that the injury suffered by the plaintiff must be of a type that is recoverable under negligence law. For instance, where Simon has suffered the loss of a chance of avoiding physical injury, this loss will not be compensable. Simons situation Section 49 of the 2015 Consumer Rights Act of England states that services to consumers must be executed with reasonable skill and care. Section 54 of the 2015 Consumer Rights Act of England offers consumers the right to treat the term as incorporated in every contract and the omission of it as a breach this particular section requires. This section is supplemented by Section 13 of the Supply of 1982 Goods and Services Act of England states inter alia that in every relevant contract of supplying service where the provider is performing in their course of business, an inferred term exists that such provider will, with reasonable skill and care, undertake their service. The liability of the waiters employer to Simon stems from the doctrine of vicarious liability. Vicarious Responsibility is enforced on the Restaurant or employer for the workers tort committed against a Simon in the progress of their employment. Liability herein is strict because it is the duty of the employer (the restaurant) to effectively supervise their employees. In Cox v Ministry of Justice, the judge noted that this doctrine has developed from a societal convenience and such bumpy justice. The company is better placed to reimburse a victim, as well as extend out losses through insurance. The employer receives benefits from the business and so must similarly bear tort risks occurring in the performance of their trade. Any plaintiff, like Simon, to successfully sue the restaurant under this vicarious liability doctrine, must demonstrate three finding: First is that the waiter (offender) was an employee (not a sovereign contractor engaged by the restaurant to undertake work. Second is that the worker (waiter) committed a tort (popped the cork). Last is that the tort (damage to his teeth) was committed by the waiter in their progress of work. Englands most current case has adopted the neighbor connection test to ascertain whether (the tortious) act was actually in defendants course of service. The highest court of England in Mohamud v WM Morrison Supermarkets has recently stated that it is essential to have a comprehensive approach to the employment nature, for any court to ascertain if the alleged tort is that closely associated with defendants employment (Morgan 2016, pp. 204). So that it is reasonable, fair, and just to find the company liable; or if the tort fits in a risk generated by the business known to be integral to it. Toulson J held that in every court of law must consider which functions are entrusted to such employee in question, that is, what the nature of their job is. This issue must broadly be addressed. Secondly, it must be ascertained if a satisfactory connection exists between the situation ... and the employees wrongful behavior to infer the right for their employer to be deemed liable under the social justice principle. On such basis, attending to clients, like Simon and reacting to client inquiries was part of waiters job. The waiters actions and injuring Simon was within their field of undertakings assigned to the waiter. The events that followed amounted to a continuous series of happenings, an unbroken event. The remedies in the law of negligence available to Simon In English trials on negligence, the judge hears, decides the lawsuit, and rewards damages, not the jury. If the above criterion is fulfilled, Simon is eligible to full compensation. In the law of negligence, a claimant must be restored to the position they must have been had such tort never occurred. Punitive reparations do not exist in negligence laws. As soon as the law court is contented with the negligence of defendant, then it must advance to assessing compensations. Normally, injuries are deliberated on as a whole. Such evaluation finalizes Simons rights, thus, no right for Simon to approach the court in the future to have another assessment of the damages. Scarman J in the case of Lim v Camden Islington Health Authority indicated that only a single certainty exists: the imminent proves the reward as more so excessively low or high. For reasons above, in courts awarding the damages, the judge compensates the plaintiff only what the respondent is answerable for and not future injuries. This rises from the finality-in-litigation principle. In such a classic personal wrong case, Simon will be recompensed for the pecuniary loss. This entails the 20,000 (cost of therapeutic care), his pocket expenditures occurring due to the offense. For the non-financial loss, Simon is entitled to damages comprised of compensations for amenity loss, as well as for suffering and pain. The court in Battram v Dr. Geoghegan Clinical Risk held that at trial date, the court assesses the reward necessary for whichever future harm to earnings and the therapeutic care, where the impairment will continue even after court hearing (Maunder 2017, p.2). Exceptions to the finality-in-litigation principle While damages are never re-assessed at a future date, the case of Mulholland V Mitchell provides an exception. The court was requested to re-open the evaluation of compensations due to a very noticeable change in the injured individuals situation just after the proceedings. Since the matters arising after the trial date were largely of degree and discretion and the Court of Appeal in its discretion admitted fresh evidence, the conditions in this particular case were exceptional. The finality in lawsuits principle must always be in the judges minds and not every such evidence must be admitted on such changes that could have befallen since the court trial. Hodson J stated that from the Mulholland V Mitchell case, it is fairly contended that the grounded on which this lawsuit was reached at court trial was materially and suddenly fabricated by a dramatic amendment in circumstances. There is a pending appeal on whole damages question, so, it is unsatisfactory for the law court to deliberate on the appeal short of taking falsification into account. Where there is no fresh proof, the Court is restrained from deliberating on the case with such reality before it. On a point of negativity, fresh proof must never be admitted if it has bearing on the matters subsiding within the area of uncertainty or the field; an area the judge has already covered. However, it may positively be admitted where certain basic assumptions, known to both parties, have evidently been forged by succeeding events, particularly where such falsification occurred by defendants act. Similarly, it is expected that law courts allow new evidence if to refuse the evidence would insult common logic or an intellect of fairness. All the above are merely non-comprehensive exceptions; whose application should be left to law courts. The extraordinary personality of lawsuits in which new evidence is permitted is entirely recognized by law Courts. To appreciate the English law of negligence and assess the chances of Simon successfully suing the Restaurant, it is important Simon avoids indicating the following situations (defenses to the tort of negligence). There is a situation is termed contributory negligence that Simon should avoid indicating when they sue the restaurant. That is, that he similarly acted carelessness and that his negligence contributed to the damage he incurred. The reason for this caution is that the law court will then apportion the responsibility between the waiter and Simon; adjusting Simons damages according to Section 1, clause 1 of 1945 Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act of England. In both Craig Sparrow v Arnaud Andre and the case of Tompkins v Royal Mail Group, the court held that a verdict of contributory causation is reached when the plaintiffs own carelessness contributed to the injury they complain of. Therefore, Simons damages will be reduced where he would have suffered same damage had he applied reasonable care for guarding his safety (such as moving away or telling the waiter to pop the champagne elsewhere or close his mouth) Volenti non fit injuria is another defense to Simons negligence assertions where the restaurant can disregard their liability totally if they can demonstrate to the court that Simon consented to the specific possibility of harm. The volenti non fit injuria defense obliges a voluntary and entered agreement by Simon, in the full awareness of Restaurant circumstances, to pardon the Restaurant of every legal result of their arrangements. References Case law R v. Adomako, 3 All E.R. 79 (1994) Crown v Zaman T20150463/T20157235 Donoghue v. Stevenson, 1932 A.C. 562 (1932) Arnold v Britton Ors [2015] UKSC 36 State v. UK, No. 113,900 (Kan. Ct. App. Oct. 7, 2016) Montgomery v. Lanarkshire Health Board, 2015 U.K.S.C. 11 (2015) LIM POH CHOO V CAMDEN AND ISLINGTON AREA HEALTH AUTHORITY [1979] UKHL 1 Mulholland V Mitchell [1971] AC 666 Tompkins v Royal Mail Group PLC [2005] EWHC 1902 Craig Sparrow -v- Arnaud Andre [2016] EWHC 739 (QB) Articles Maunder, C. (2017) "Battram V Dr Geoghegan". SAGE Publications [online] 1-3, available from https://sci-hub.cc/10.1177/1356262217695626 [31 March 2017] Morgan, P. (2016) "CERTAINTY IN VICARIOUS LIABILITY: A QUEST FOR A CHIMAERA?" The Cambridge Law Journal [online] 75 (02), 202-205, available from https://www.cambridge.org.secure.sci-hub.cc/core/journals/cambridge-law-journal/article/certainty-in-vicarious-liability-a-quest-for-a-chimaera/FE9F18656F1A01CB7F1811D06D9A8BB0 [31 March 2017] Rix, K.J., 2017. After a prolonged gestation and difficult labour, informed consent is safely delivered into English and Scots law. BJ Psych Advances, 23(1), pp.63-72, available from https://apt.rcpsych.org/content/23/1/63.full-text.pdf+html [31 March 2017] Stapleton, J. (2016) "An Extended But-For Test For The Causal Relation In The Law Of Obligations". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies [online] 36 (1), 697726, available from https://sci-hub.cc/10.1093/ojls/gqv005 [31 March 2017] Yeo, S., 2016, 09_Gravity of Provocation Revisited, 32-34, available from https://14.139.60.114:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/17487/1/009_Gravity%20of%20Provocation%20Revisited%20(34-54).pdf [31 March 2017]